Footnotes for "Electra traces"

1. Samuel Beckett Happy Days, The Complete Dramatic Works (London: Faber and Faber, 1986). p.164. References hereafter abbreviated to CDW and included in the main text.

2. Sophocles, Electra, line 86, translated as 'O holy light' in David Grene's translation of Electra, Sophocles II: The Complete Greek Tragedies, eds. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1957), p.130; in Hugh-Lloyd's translation Sophocles I, ed. and trans. Hugh Lloyd-Jones (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1994), p.174. George Young offers 'Holy Light' in The Dramas of Sophocles rendered in English Verse Dramatic & Lyric (London: J.M. Dent, 1906).

3. No Author Better Served: The Correspondence of Samuel Beckett and Alan Schneider, ed. Maurice Harmon (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1998), p.12 and p.139. Mercier also cites evidence in a letter to James Knowlson that Beckett remembered seeing W.B. Yeats' two versions of Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus, in Vivian Mercier, Beckett / Beckett (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p.23.

4. Samuel Beckett, Eleutheria (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1995).

5. Theodor W. Adorno, 'Motifs', Quasi una Fantasia: Essays on Modern Music, trans. Rodney Livingstone (London: Verso, 1992), p.34.

6. Adorno, Quasi una Fantasia, p.35.

7. Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nioclaus (Harmondsworth: Penguin / New Left Review, 1973), p.110.

8. T.W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (London: Verso, 1979); see also Hans Blumenberg, Work on Myth, trans. Robert M. milne (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1985).

9. Adorno, Quasi una Fantasia, p.35.

10. See for example the engraving by Le Paultre of a scene from Le Malade imaginaire as presented before Louis XIV and his court in 1674, reproduced in Glynne Wickham, A History of the Theatre, 2nd edition (London: Phaidon, 1992), illustration no. 131, p.154.

11. Glynne Wickham, A History of the Theatre, p.181.

12. David Wiles, Tragedy in Athens: Performance space and theatrical meaning (Cambridge: C.U.P., 1997), p.139.

13. Mark Ringer, Electra and the Empty Urn: Metatheater and Role Playing in Sophocles (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p.135.

14. David Wiles, Greek Theatre Performance: An Introduction (Cambridge: C.U.P., 2000), p.121.

15. Wiles, Greek Theatre Performance, p.110.

16. Virginia Woolf, 'On Sophocles' Electra', from Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Thomas Woodard (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966), p.122-4 (p.122). The extract in Woodard's collection is from Virginia Woolf, 'On not Knowing Greek', Collected Essays, vol. 1, ed Leonard Woolf, vol. 1 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1966), pp.1-13.

17. The review, written by Bernard Poirot-Delpech, appeared in Le Monde 31 Oct. 1963, cited by James Knowlson, p.509.

18. Ringer, Electra and the Empty Urn, p.157.

19. Helene P. Foley, 'Sacrificial Virgins: The Ethics of Lamentation in Sophocles's Electra', Female Acts in Greek Tragedy (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), p.171.

20. Woolf, 'On Sophocles' Electra', p.128.

21. Sophocles I, ed. and trans. Hugh Lloyd-Jones, p.177.

22. Thomas Woodard, 'The Electra of Sophocles', from Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Thomas Woodard (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp.125-45 (pp. 125-126).

23. Woodard, 'The Electra of Sophocles,' p.126.

24. Foley, Female Acts in Greek Tragedy, p.155.

25. Woodard, 'The Electra of Sophocles,' p.130.

26. John Milton, Paradise Lost, III, 1-3, ed. Alastair Fowler (London: Longman, 1971), p.141.

27. Ruby Cohn, Samuel Beckett: the comic gamut (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1962), p. 255.ew, written by Bernard Poirot-Delpech, appeared in Le Monde 31 Oct. 1963, cited by James Knowlson, p.509.

28. Sophocles, Electra, trans. David Grene, Sophocles II: The Complete Greek Tragedies, eds. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1957), p.130.

29. Milton, Paradise Lost, III:21, p.143.

30. Euripides, Electra, Euripides II, line 54 (London: Heinemann, 1924) (Loeb Classical Library). The translations are those of Emily Townsend Vermeule, from Euripides V: the Complete Greek Tragedies, eds. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1959), p.10; and from Arthur S. Way in the Loeb edition.

31. A Greek-English Lexicon, eds. Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott (Oxford: Clarendon, 1869), p.673.

32. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, eds. N.G. L. Hammond and H.H. Scullard, 2nd edition with corrections (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), p.378.

33. Ringer, Electra and the Empty Urn, p.145.

34. Samuel Beckett, Murphy (London: John Calder, 1963), p.5. (First published 1938.)

35. Samuel Beckett, Ill Seen Ill Said, in Nohow On (London: John Calder, 1992), p.57.